In the fields of thermodynamics and energy, radiant heat refers to energy transferred from an object or surface through electromagnetic waves, without relying on a medium such as conduction or convect...

The Horizontal Vertical Flame Tester, as a professional combustion testing instrument, is widely used to evaluate the flammability of plastics, rubber, electronic components, textiles, insulation mate...

This article provides a systematic overview of the main methods for flammability testing, explaining their principles, procedures, applications, and evaluation criteria in detail....

This system simulates human morphology, flame conditions, and heat transfer processes to quantitatively analyze potential burn risks to various body regions, providing scientific data for protective c...

Therefore, accurately measuring smoke density is an indispensable part of equipment testing, fire certification, and industrial safety evaluations....